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A well-known fact of system performance is that fetching data that s stored in memory is a lot faster than retrieving data from disk storage. Given this, Oracle tries to keep as much of the recently accessed data as possible in its SGA. In addition to data, shared parsed SQL code and necessary data dictionary information are cached in memory for quick access. You can easily adjust the memory allocation of Oracle, by simply changing a single initialization parameter SGA_TARGET. There s a two-way relationship between memory configuration and the application s use of that memory. The correct memory allocation size depends on the nature of your application, the number of users, and the size of transactions. If there isn t enough memory, the application will have to perform time-consuming disk I/Os. However, the application itself might be using memory unnecessarily, and throwing more memory at it may not be the right strategy. As a DBA, you must not view memory and its sizing in isolation. This can lead to some poor choices, as you address the symptoms instead of the causes for what seems like insufficient memory. The tendency on a DBA s part is to allocate as much memory as possible to the shared pool, hoping that doing so will resolve the problem. However, sometimes this only exacerbates the problem. It s wise to manage the database with as little memory as necessary, and no more. The system can always use the free memory to ensure there s no swapping or paging. Performance slowdowns caused by paging outweigh the benefits of a larger SGA under most operating systems.

You can implement RAID in a number of ways. You could make a fundamental distinction between software-based and hardware-based RAID arrays. Software RAID implementation uses the host server s CPU and memory to send RAID instructions and I/O commands to the arrays. Software RAID implementations impose an extra burden on the host CPU, and when disks fail, the disks with the operating system may not be able to boot if you are using a software-based RAID system. Hardware RAID uses a special RAID controller, which is usually external to the server host-based controllers can also be used to provide RAID functionality to a group of disks, but they are not as efficient as external RAID controllers.

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In a production database, the shared pool is going to command most of your attention because of its direct bearing on application performance The shared pool is a part of the SGA that holds almost all the necessary elements for execution of the SQL statements and PL/SQL programs In addition to caching program code, the shared pool caches the data dictionary information that Oracle needs to refer to often during the course of program execution Proper shared pool configuration leads to dramatic improvements in performance.

Suppose you have a RAID 0+1 or a RAID 5 data storage array, which more or less ensures that you are protected adequately against disk failure. Do you still need database backups Of course you do! RAID systems mainly protect against one kind of failure involving disks or their controllers. But what about human error If you or your developers wipe out data accidentally, no amount of disk mirroring is going to help you you need those backups with the good data on them. Similarly, when a disaster such as a fire destroys your entire computer room, you need to fall back upon reliable and up-to-date offsite backups. Do not neglect the correct and timely backing up of data, even though you may be using the latest disk storage array solution.

An improperly tuned shared pool leads to problems such as the following: Fragmentation of the pool Increased latch contention with the resulting demand for more CPU resources Greater I/O because executable forms of SQL aren t present in the shared pool Higher CPU usage because of unnecessary parsing of SQL code The general increase in shared pool waits and other waits observed during a severe slowdown of the production database is the result of SQL code that fails to use bind variables (I explain the important concept of bind variables in the following section) As the number of users increases, so does the demand on shared pool memory and latches, which are internal locks for memory areas If there are excessive latches the result might be a higher wait time and a slower response time Sometimes the entire database seems to hang.

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