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One of the most critical aspects of Kerberos configuration is time synchronization. If a client or server is more than five minutes apart from their Kerberos KDC server, then authentication will fail. This value is normally best synchronized using the Network Time Protocol (NTP). To enable the NTP service on the Mac OS X Server, configure the server as your Open Directory master (explained a bit later in the section Configuring and Managing Open Directory ), and enable the NTP check box in the General settings of the Server Admin application. The NTP setting can then be pushed out to client machines using scripts or applications. The NTP client setting can also be configured manually in the Date & Time pane of System Preferences.

A few things are wrong with the classical Singleton pattern implementation shown in the previous section: A singleton is only a singleton in its own AppDomain. Other AppDomains would need to instantiate their own singleton, causing potential data consistency issues. For example, imagine having to share configuration information in multiple AppDomains. It isn t easily possible to shut down a singleton, and therefore data might be lost. Every class that wants to be a singleton needs to implement a singleton type class structure, requiring changes. To make the class thread-safe, additional code is needed. In general, implementing a singleton using the classical approach isn t that versatile, even though for a confined context it works extremely well. The point to remember is that its scope its limited. Let s see how to implement a versatile singleton.

Figure 12-14. Kinetic sculpture program There has to be enough light in front of the sculpture so that the globe casts a shadow on the Light Sensor. Then you need to start the pendulum swinging by hand. After that, it keeps swinging and making a sound like a metronome. You can use it to provide animation for small objects such as flags or Minifigs.

Because directory services give such a boost to the security of larger environments, we will spend the first part of this section discussing how to set up and bind to Open Directory. Once you have a solid Open Directory environment, we will then show you how to secure Open Directory, more than it is secured in the stock implementation of Mac OS X Server, by disabling anonymous binding and implementing LDAP ACLs. To start setting up Open Directory, open Server Admin, and click the name of the server. Then click Settings. In the toolbar, select the Services tab. On the Services tab (see Figure 13-2), check the Open Directory box, and click the Save button to see Open Directory added to the list of services available on the server.

The problem with the classical singleton isn t the Singleton pattern, but the way that it s implemented. The original pattern mixed together multiple techniques that should have been separated. Specifically, what shouldn t have been made part of the singleton implementation is the instantiation and data type reference. A versatile singleton should include the following attributes: A singleton should act as a container and delegate as much functionality as possible to other interfaces. Instantiation is delegated to a factory that allows the instantiation of a class that may exist in the local AppDomain, or, using .NET remoting, on another computer. The singleton only manipulates a local class that may be a proxy. The singleton data should be immutable to increase performance. The singleton implementation should be responsible for calling functionality that verifies the correctness of the immutable singleton data. If the singleton data needs updating, the singleton implementation manages the calling of the external factory. Figure 7-4 is the UML diagram of the versatile singleton implementation.

Figure 13-2. Adding the Open Directory service In the list of services, click Open Directory. You will now see that the Open Directory service is running as a stand-alone server. Click the Change button (see Figure 13-3). At this point, the Service Configuration Assistant will open, and you will be stepped through a wizard asking you for some details in order to promote the server to an Open Directory master. Because this is the first system in the domain, click Open Directory Master, and click Continue (see Figure 13-4).