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The TGT is issued as an authentication token to gain access to additional service tickets during the TGT s lifetime. This can be illustrated by logging in as an Open Directory or Active Directory user, authenticating to the directory server, and then services such as the login window will obtain a TGT for the local KDC. This allows users to subsequently authenticate to Kerberized services such as the Apple File Protocol or Cyrus IMAP e-mail server.

Figure 12-12. Globe pencil sharpener The electromagnet (see Figure 12-13) is a coil removed from a device known as a relay. The relay is a Potter and Brumfield KRPA-11DG-6, which has a 6VDC coil (the correct use of relays is discussed in the following section). It s all right to use a lower-voltage coil because the 9V of the NXT is only briefly applied to the coil, and the voltage is much less than 6V on average. You can attach the coil to the structure with a rubber band or double-face tape.

The following represents the classical Singleton pattern: class Singleton { public static Singleton Instance() { if(_instance == null) { lock(typeof(Singleton)) { if(_instance == null) { _instance = new Singleton(); } } } return _instance; } protected Singleton() { } public int Value; private static volatile Singleton _instance = null; } When implementing the Singleton pattern, the class itself becomes the singleton. The data member _instance is declared as static and volatile. This means that for the class Singleton,

Note Clients who are using Open Directory for authentication (known as binding) will be automatically

only one instance of the data member _instance can exist. The keyword volatile ensures that a multithreaded application will retrieve the most current value and not one from a cache. To retrieve an instance of the Singleton class, the client uses the method Instance. In the implementation of Instance, a double-checked lock is used. Imagine an application that is executing and references the method Instance for the very first time. The data member _instance will equal null, and that is an indicator to instantiate a Singleton class. However, an application might have multiple threads, and therefore multiple threads will realize that they need to instantiate a Singleton instance. This is the purpose of the lock statement; it ensures only one thread will instantiate a singleton. If a thread has control, a check is made to ensure that the _instance data member is still null, because another thread might have created an instance. If the data member _instance is null, then the class Singleton is instantiated. A client would use Singleton as follows: Singleton.Instance().Value; The example singleton implementation illustrates how to instantiate a singleton using a method reference. The advantage of using this approach is it enables the singleton class to be constructed using a configuration file or some other global information. If a simple instantiation is desired, and the application isn t required to have loaded all information, then the following Singleton class implementation is adequate: sealed class Singleton { private Singleton() { } public static readonly Singleton Instance = new Singleton(); } In this example, the Singleton type is instantiated when the Singleton class is referenced for the first time. This technique has no synchronization and is possible because the .NET Framework ensures that only a single thread initializes static data members.

configured to use Kerberos using special entries provided and updated by the LDAP server. You can manually initialize the configuration by using the kerberosautoconfig command, but this is typically not required.

The NXT-G program shown in Figure 12-14 loops till the globe casts a shadow on the Light Sensor, making its value less than 50. The program then gives the electromagnet a short pulse on with the Motor block and makes a little click with the Sound block. After that, it waits till the sensor is exposed to the light again as the globe swings past. It keeps looping until the globe swings back from the other direction, which starts the whole process over again.