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AcceptChanges() is actually the simplest of the three methods. If changes are being accepted, it means that the current values in the object are the ones that should be kept, and the most recent snapshot is now meaningless and can be discarded. Like CopyState(), once this method is complete, an Overridable AcceptChangesComplete() method is called to allow subclasses to take additional actions. In concept, this means that all AcceptChanges() needs to do is discard the most recent snapshot: _stateStack.Pop() However, it is important to remember that the object may have child objects, and they need to know to accept changes as well. This requires looping through the object s fields to find any child objects that implement IUndoableObject. The AcceptChanges() method call must be cascaded to them, too. The process of looping through the fields of the object is the same as in CopyState() and UndoChanges(). The only difference is where the method call is cascaded: ' the field is undoable so see if it is a child object If GetType(Csla.Core.IUndoableObject).IsAssignableFrom(field.FieldType) Then Dim value As Object = field.GetValue(Me) ' make sure the variable has a value If value IsNot Nothing Then ' it is a child object so cascade the call DirectCast(value, Core.IUndoableObject).AcceptChanges( _ Me.EditLevel, BindingEdit) End If End If Simple field values don t need any processing. Remember that the idea is that the current values have been accepted so there s no need to change those current values at all. You should now understand how the three undo methods in UndoableBase are able to take and restore a snapshot of an object s state and how the calls are cascaded to child objects in a way that preserves encapsulation while supporting the needs of both data binding and manual invocation of the undo functionality.

StringToCoTaskMemAnsi and StringToHGlobalAnsi allocate memory for the string on the COM heap or the Win32 global heap, and initialize this memory with the ANSI code representation of the managed string s value StringToCoTaskMemUni and StringToHGlobalUni convert to a native Unicode string that is either allocated on the COM heap or on the Win32 global heap In all these cases, the native strings need to be cleaned up explicitly The helper class Marshal provides the following functions for the cleanup: Marshal::FreeBSTR Marshal::FreeCoTaskMem Marshal::FreeHGlobal If you want to convert to a const wchar_t* that is needed only for a short time, you can choose an approach that is more convenient and faster: the header file vcclrh declares a function called PtrToStringChars: interior_ptr<const wchar_t> PtrToStringChars(const String^ source); Using this function, you can retrieve an interior_ptr<const wchar_t> to the Unicode characters of a managed string.

The UndoableBase class does the majority of the work to support the undo functionality. However, BusinessBase does include some methods that allow an editable object to participate in the undo process. In particular, it is BusinessBase that implements ISupportUndo, and so it is BusinessBase that implements methods such as BeginEdit(). These methods are Public to enable the manual invocation of the undo functionality.

I ll start by discussing the simplest of the three methods. Here s the BeginEdit() method: Public Sub BeginEdit() CopyState(Me.EditLevel + 1) End Sub When the business or UI developer explicitly calls BeginEdit(), the object takes a snapshot of its state and cascades that call to its child objects. You ve already seen how this is done in the CopyState() method implemented in UndoableBase, and BeginEdit() relies on that preexisting behavior.

Notice that the return type of PtrToStringChars is interior_ptr<const wchar_t> The interior pointer refers to state that must not be changed, because managed strings are immutable (as discussed in 2) As discussed before, an interior pointer cannot be converted to a native pointer; however, there is a standard conversion from interior_ptr<const wchar_t> to pin_ptr<const wchar_t> and also a standard conversion from pin_ptr<const wchar_t> to const wchar_t* The following code shows how to use PtrToStringChars: #include <vcclrh> void NonBlockingNativeFunction(const wchar_t* wsz);.

Remember that the undo methods in UndoableBase throw an exception if the object s edit level gets out of sync with its parent object. The parent s edit level is passed in as a parameter to each undo method, such as CopyState(). When manually invoking CopyState(), it is necessary to pass in a parameter indicating the future state of the edit level. When taking a snapshot, the future edit level is one higher than the current edit level. In other words, this would cause an exception: CopyState(Me.EditLevel) The reason is that CopyState() would see that it is about to raise the object s edit level above the value passed in as a parameter, so it would throw an exception. By passing in EditLevel + 1, the BeginEdit() method is effectively giving permission for the object to take a snapshot of its state.

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